Tuesday, July 2, 2019


Sri Kestra, World Heritage Cultural Site in Pyu Era
By Maung Thar (Archaeology)


Sri Kestra, World Heritage Cultural Site in Pyu Era
By Maung Thar (Archaeology)
          Since prior to the classification into the World Heritage Cultural Site by the UNESCO, Sri Ketra (Thayekhittara, pronounced in Myanmar) situated at 5 miles far away from south-east of Pyay in Bago Region had already been famous as an ancient city of Pyu, in home and abroad. After the period of being acknowledged as the World Heritage Cultural Site Sri Kestra, which had been an urban area in Pyu Era some 2000 years ago, became more well-known.
          The name of Sri Kestra brings about the meaning—the area endowed with the virtues of auspiciousness and glamour. The city had been built in a round shape, albeit not exactly as a circle. It had an area of 5.5 square miles in width and 8 miles 5 furlong in circumference. Out of three ancient cities of Pyu Era Sri Kestra is the largest one. According to the index of the map, it is located at a degree of North Latitude 18 degrees 75 minutes & at a degree of East Longitude 95 degrees and 25 minutes.
          Sri Kestra, Beikthano & Hanlin which had been the first-ever acknowledged ancient cities as the world heritage sites for Myanmar stretched out north to south. Sri Kestra located at the Far South is 30 kilometers far from Beikthano and 400 kilometers from Hanlin.
Ancient Sri Kestra
          According to the Chronicles on Myanmar History, Sri Kestra was learnt to have been built in BC 443 (i.e, 101 years after the Demise of Lord Buddha), and to have been ruled successively by the dynasty of Duttabaung King & ruined in the reign of “Thupyinyar Nagaraseinda” King. In fact, the history of Sri Kestra had been mixed with oral histories generally accepted by the generation.
          Sri Kestra had been the most famous one of Pyu ancient cities which flourished between AD 1 Century and AD 9 Century in Myanmar. Historian Dr. Than Tun wrote in the article about Gyikwaytra, the Ancient Sri Kestra City that it was built in later part of BC 200.
          Dr. Than Tun wrote that Duttabaung, a vocabulary of ဒြတၱေဘာင္, has not been a personal name, but just a honorable term meant for the King of great virtue, and Pyu races that ceased to exist in AD 14 Century seemed to have professed Brahmanism earlier, later converting into Mahayana Buddhism.
          Among the religious edifices built in Sri Kestra there can be round pagodas and temples seen. These cultural artifacts became the proto types of architectural features of the edifices built during the period of Bagan Era, after Pyu Era. Pyu Kings used to build the then pagodas in the forms of tapering slowly to the bottom and stretching out slowly to the top (OR) in the octagonal types. Thus, in the Paper on Evidences of Cultural Heritage which went extinct in the intervening period between Pyu & Bagan Eras, the writer, “Minbu Aung Kyaing” stated that there had been 12 Pyu pagodas such as “Ngakywe Nadaung, Bu Phaya and Layhsudan” in Bagan.
Excavations in Sri Kestra
          Dr. E Forchammaer who was the first-ever appointed in-charge of the archaeological department in Myanmar made the ground survey of Sri Kestra. In 1907 French General Leon de Beylie & Mr. Taw Sein Ko, high ranking executive officer of stone inscription in the country made excavations in Sri Kestra. Following that period, Mr. Taw Sein Ko, U Lu Pe Win, Monsignor Du Roi Sel and other high ranking executive officers on stone inscriptions occasionally excavated in Sri Kestra till the period before the World War 2 broke out, finding out evidences in Pyu Era from digging up 65 hillocks so far.
          Sri Kestra had been surrounded by 8 miles 5 furlongs long walls, and some of which were ruined by natural disasters and some people. Some parts of the remaining walls have been found to be 15 feet high and 17 feet wide. In the south & west the city had had double walls whereas the south-east part of the city had been tri-walled so that Pyu citizens could defend the city from the danger of external destructive forces.
          As the Yangon-Pyay Railroad had been built through the ancient city of Sri Kestra from the south-east direction to the north-west direction, the old city had been divided into two. The northern part of the track is low-lying area while the southern part is high compared to the location of the former. 
          The site of the old palace of 1700 ft in length and 1126 ft in width is situated at the south of the ancient city of Sri Kestra. According to the chronicles of Myanmar History it had been recorded that Sri Kestra had 323 gates and 33 small doors. Yet, there were only 9 entrance gates found under the currently made ground surveys, namely Muhtaw & Twinbye gates at the north of the ancient city, Shwe & Moteshay gates at the west, Rahanda, Baluma & Thayawady Gates at the south and Nat & Naga Twant gates at the north.
3 Pagodas built in Triangular Position
          Outside the city wall of Sri Kestra 3 pagodas built since Pyu Era were located in a triangular position, viz. Bawbawgyi Ceti at the south of the old city, Phayagyi Ceti at the north-west and Phayamar Ceti at the north. However, other huge round pagodas like those Cetis had not been found inside the wall of Sri Kestra city.
          Bawbawgyi Ceti stands up as a cylindrical shape while Phayagyi & Phayamar Cetis stand up in mountain shape, tapering slowly to the top. According to oral histories Bawbawgyi, Phayagyi & Phayamar Cetis were included in the 9 pagodas built by Duttabaung King, during the flourishing period of Sri Kestra.
          Remains of religious edifices of Pyu Era which can be found in Sri Kestra generally can be categorized into two kinds—a type of round pagoda called “Htupa” and Cave Shrine. In Myanmar Dictionary Htupa is defined as Htupa Ceti and Pahtou. Gu Hpaya is defined as a temple with a hollow vaulted base. Htupa (alias) round pagoda is a solid Ceti without a cave. Gu Phaya is a round pagoda below which Gandagudi meant for the special chamber for the use of the Buddha has been built. As there is a cave under the Ceti, it is called Cave Shrine.
          Phayagyi Ceti with 139 ft in length & 307 ft in circumference, which was a religious artifact of the middle part of Pyu Era built between AD 400 & AD 700 is situated beside Pyay-Aunglan Road. Previously it was called “Ayesay Ceti” or Maha Ceti. Out of the four terraces of the Pagoda, 3 terraces have 16 angles each & the remaining terrace is the round type of terrace. Nearby the Phayagyi Ceti there had been 4 stone burial urns and an earthen burial urn excavated circa 1920. The stone burial urns were engraved with the names of “Hari Gikrama King, Thiha Gikrama King & Thuriya Gikrama King,” respectively.
          Bawbawgyi Ceti situated nearby the city wall at the south-west of the ancient city Sri Kestra is the most ancient one of the 3 round pagodas of Sri Kestra Era. It had been vertically built like a tube on the 5th terrace of 240 ft in width. The Bawbawgyi Ceti of 153 ft in height had been built with a cave originally but the cave had been permanently un-hollowed later. The mini-pagoda made of quartz which was excavated in the ancient city of Sri Kestra in 1909-1910 is the type of Bawbawgyi Ceti. And, in the book on the Ancient Myanmar Cities it has been expressed that Bawbawgyi-like Ceti images had been found in some cups of clay excavated in Sri Kestra ancient city.
          Bawbawgyi Ceti has been regarded to have been built in AD 600 & 700, by scholars. It is also said to resemble the type of Dammike Ceti in northern India. Its cylindrical type has been compared to the pagodas—Sanchi & Amarawady Cetis in semicircular shapes in India, built between AD 100 & 200.
          Phayamar Ceti is situated beside Pyay-Paukkhaung Road, north-east of Sri Kestra nearby the village “Koneyoe Twinpyay.” It has the cylindrical shape at the bottom with its upper part climbing up like a mountain gradually. Phayamar Ceti has 4 terraces in all, three of which have 16 angles each and the remaining terrace has a round shape. As it is 138 ft in height and its circumference is 316 feet, it can be of the same size as Phayagyi Ceti.
          Phayamar Ceti, formerly called “Tharaima” built between AD 400 & 700 is assumed to have been built by Duttabaung King. In January, 1967 there was excavated nearby Phayamar Ceti—ancient artifacts of Pyu Era, an 11 inch-sized bell & 5 world-famous statues of dancers in Pyu Era.
Stone Burial Urns
          Out of the excavations made by the Archaeological Department stone burial urns with inscriptions were found only in Sri Kestra. Those were discovered nearby the Cetis—four at the Phayagyi Ceti and the other one at the place near Phayahtaung. Some of the letters inscribed on the stone burial urns could be deciphered. The four stone burial urns found near Phayagyi Ceti have been assumed to be those of the kings—Hari Gikrama King, Thiha Gikrama King & Thuriya Gikrama King, and the other one to be that of a royal next of kin or a queen.
          On March 18 1993, another cylindrical stone burial urn with debris of the Buddha image inside it was excavated near the Phayahtaung Ceti, in the city wall of Sri Kestra. Letters inscribed on stone urns found near Phayagyi Ceti and Phayahtaung Ceti had been proved to be same Pyu characters. According to the names inscribed on the 4 stone urns of Phayagyi Ceti Sri Kestra can be assumed to have been ruled by Gikrama Dynasty. On each of the stone urns found at Phayagyi Ceti only a name has been inscribed respectively whereas on the Phayahtaung Stone Urn names of the kings were written in 5 lines.
          On account of the kings’ names and dates of their demises, which had been inscribed on the stone urns discovered in Sri Kestra, they have been regarded as the stone burial urns. However, Major Ba Shin, the historian wrote that at the time they had been found, no remains of bones and ashes had been inside, apart from some lumps of earth. Those lumps of earth may be the ashes of the deceased. At the same time some people did not accept the idea that those stone urns had been the burial urns.
          Similarly it may be regarded that the urns had been used for a particular purpose, absolutely not as burial urns, as there had been found debris of the Buddha Image inside. Accordingly, researches should be made whether the-deceased-kings’-names-inscribed stone urns with religious or holy objects put inside might have been donated to the pagodas by the bereaved ones.
          Phayahtaung Stone Urn had been exhibited at the National Museum in Yangon with one of Phayagyi Stone Urns shown at Naypyidaw Museum and the three others at Sri Kestra Museum at Sri Kestra respectively.
          Sri Kestra had developed as an urban city in Pyu Era, leaving most of the artifacts of Pyu cultural heritage and evidences of Pyu cultures which had been extinct, hence a great help for researchers. With a view to maintaining the longevity of Sri Kestra, researches on Pyu History have to be carried out further and further.    Translated by Kin Maung Oo

References:
Duttabaung ----- Dr. Than Tun
Sri Kestra, ancient city --------- U Sein Maung Oo
Lectures on diploma courses of Myanmar History & Culture --------- Dr. Kyaw Win 



ပ်ဴ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈနယ္ေျမ သေရေခတၱရာ
ေမာင္သာ(ေရွးေဟာင္းသုေတသန)

ပဲခူးတိုင္းေဒသႀကီး၊ ျပည္ၿမိဳ႕မွ အေရွ႕ေတာင္ဘက္ ငါးမိုင္အကြာတြင္တည္ရွိသည့္ သေရေခတၱရာသည္ ကမၻာ့ကုလသမဂၢ ပညာေရ၊သိပၸံ ႏွင့္ယဥ္ေက်းမႈအဖြဲ႕ (ယူနက္စ္ကို)က ကမၻာ့အေမြအႏွစ္ေဒသအျဖစ္ မသတ္မွတ္မီကပင္ ပ်ဴၿမိဳ႕ေဟာင္းတစ္ခုအျဖစ္ ျပည္တြင္းျပည္ပ၌ ထင္ရွားခဲ့သည္။ လြန္ခဲ့ေသာႏွစ္ ၂၀၀၀ ၀န္းက်င္က ပ်ဴၿမိဳ႕ျပတစ္ခုျဖစ္ခဲ့သည့္ သေရေခတၱရာသည္ ကမၻာ့အေမြအႏွစ္ စာရင္း၀င္အျဖစ္ သတ္မွတ္ခံခဲ့ရသည့္ေနာက္ပိုင္းတြင္ ပိုမို ထင္ရွားေက်ာ္ၾကားလာခဲ့သည္။
          သေရေခတၱရာဟူသည့္အမည္သည္ က်က္သေရ မဂၤလာအေပါင္းႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံေသာအရပ္ဟု အဓိပၸာယ္ရၿပီး မ၀ိုင္းတ၀ိုင္းပုံ ရွိ၍  ၿမိဳ႕ရိုးပတ္လည္ အလ်ားသည္ရွစ္ မိုင္ ငါး ဖာလုံ ရွိကာ ဧရိယာ ငါး ဒသမ ငါး စတုရန္းမိုင္က်ယ္၀န္းသျဖင့္ ပ်ဴၿမိဳ႕ေဟာင္း သုံးၿမိဳ႕တြင္ အႀကီးဆုံးျဖစ္သည္။ ေျမပုံအညႊန္းအရ သေရေခတၱရာ၏ တည္ေနရာသည္ ေျမာက္လတၱီတြဒ္ ၁၈ ဒီဂရီ ၇၅ မိနစ္ ႏွင့္အေရွ႕ ေလာင္ဂ်ီ တြဒ္ ၉၅ ဒီဂရီ ၂၅ မိနစ္ ျဖစ္သည္။
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ၏ ပထမဆုံးေသာ ကမၻာ့အေမြအႏွစ္စာရင္း၀င္ ပ်ဴၿမိဳ႕ေဟာင္းမ်ားျဖစ္ၾကသည့္ သေရေခတၱရာ၊ ဗိႆႏိုးႏွင့္ ဟန္လင္း တို႕သည္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြင္း ေတာင္ေျမာက္တန္းလ်က္တည္ရွိေနၾကၿပီး သေရေခတၱရာသည္ ဗိႆႏိုးမွ ကီလို မီတာ ၁၃၀ ႏွင့္ဟန္လင္း မွ ကီလိုမီတာ ၄၀၀ အကြာ၊ ေတာင္ဘက္ဆုံးတြင္ တည္ရွိသည္။

ေရွးေဟာင္း သေရေခတၱရာ
          ျမန္မာရာဇ၀င္က်မ္းမ်ားတြင္ သေရေခတၱရာကို ဗုဒၶဘုရားရွင္ ပရိနိဗၺာန္စံ၀င္ၿပီး ၁၀၁ ႏွစ္ (ခရစ္ေတာ္မေပၚမီ ၄၄၃ ခုႏွစ္)တြင္ တည္ေထာင္ခဲ့ေၾကာင္း ၊ ဒြတၱေပါင္မင္းမွစ၍ မင္းစဥ္မင္းဆက္ အုပ္စိုးခဲ့ၾကၿပီး သုပညာနာဂရဆိႏၵမင္းလက္ထက္တြင္ ပ်က္စီးခဲ့ေၾကာင္း ေရးသားၾကသည္။ သေရေခတၱရာသမိုင္းသည္ အစဥ္ အဆက္ယုံႀကည္ လက္ခံထားသည့္ ႏႈတ္ေျပာစကားမ်ားႏွင့္ ေရာေထြးေနခဲ့သည္။
          သေရေခတၱရာသည္ ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံအတြင္း ေအဒီ တစ္ ရာစုမွ ကိုး ရာစုအၾကား၌ ထြန္းကားခဲ့ေသာ ပ်ဴၿမိဳ႕ျပႏိုင္ငံမ်ား အနက္ အထင္ရွားဆုံး ၿမိဳ႕ေဟာင္းတစ္ခုျဖစ္ၿပီး ခရစ္ေတာ္ မေပၚ မီ ႏွစ္ ရာစုေႏွာင္းတြင္ တည္ေဆာက္ခဲ့သည္ဟု အေျဖထြက္ရွိေၾကာင္း သမိုင္း ပညာရွင္ေဒါက္တာ သန္းထြန္းက ၿဂီေကၸၾတ (သေရေခတၱရာ) ၿမိဳ႕ေဟာင္း ေဆာင္းပါးတြင္ေရးသားခဲ့ သည္။
ဒြတၱေဘာင္ဟု ေခၚဆိုၾကသည့္ တြဗံး ေ၀ါဟာရသည္ လူပုဂၢိဳလ္တစ္ဦး၏ အမည္မဟုတ္ဘဲ မင္းႀကီးဟု ရည္ညႊန္းသည့္ ဂုဏ္ပုဒ္ တစ္ခုျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း ႏွင့္ပ်ဴလူမ်ိဳးမ်ားသည္ ၁၄ ရာစု တြင္ေပ်ာက္ကြယ္ခဲ့ၿပီး အေစာပိုင္းတြင္ ၿဗဟၼဏ အယူ၀ါဒကို လက္ခံ ခဲ့ၾကကာ ေနာက္ ပိုင္း တြင္ မဟာယာန ဗုဒၶဘာသာကို ယုံၾကည္ခဲ့ၾကဟန္ရွိေၾကာင္း ေဒါက္တာ သန္းထြန္းက ေရးသားခဲ့သည္။
          သေရေခတၱရာတြင္ တည္ေဆာက္ခဲ့သည့္ သာသနိက အေဆာက္အအုံမ်ားတြင္ ေစတီလုံး ႏွင့္ ဂူဘုရားမ်ားကို ျမင္ေတြ႕ ႏိုင္ၾက သည္။ယင္းလက္ရာမ်ားသည္ ပ်ဴေခတ္ေနာက္ပိုင္း၊ ပုဂံေခတ္တြင္ တည္ေဆာက္ခဲ့သည့္ ဗိသုကာ လက္ရာမ်ား ၏ ေရွ႕ေျပး ပုံစံ(Proto Type) မ်ားျဖစ္လာခဲ့သည္။ပ်ဴမင္းမ်ားသည္ ေစတီမ်ားကို ေအာက္ရွဴး အထက္ကားကာ ေအာက္ေျခကို အ၀ိုင္း သို႕မဟုတ္ ရွစ္ေျမွာင့္ တည္ေလ့ရွိခဲ့ၾကသည္။ထို႕ေၾကာင့္ ပုဂံတြင္ ငကၽြဲနားေတာင္း၊ဗူးဘုရား၊ေလးဆူတန္းေစတီမ်ား အစရွိသည့္ ပ်ဴ ေစတီ ၁၂ ဆူေတြ႕ရွိရ ေၾကာင္း ဆရာႀကီး မင္းဘူးေအာင္ႀကိဳင္က ပ်ဴေခတ္ႏွင့္ ပုဂံေခတ္ အကူးအေျပာင္းကာလ တိမ္ျမဳပ္ေပ်ာက္ကြယ္ေနေသာ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈ အေမြအႏွစ္ အေထာက္အထားမ်ားစာတမ္းတြင္ ေရးသားခဲ့သည္။

သေရေခတၱရာ တူးေဖာ္မႈမ်ား      
          ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံတြင္ ေရွးေဟာင္းသုေတသန တာ၀န္ခံအျဖစ္ ပထမဆုံးတာ၀န္ထမ္းေဆာင္ခဲ့သူ ေဒါက္တာ အီးဖိုခ်ားမား(Dr.E Forchammaer)က သေရေခတၱရာကို ဦးဆုံး ကြင္းဆင္းသုေသတနျပဳလုပ္ခဲ့သည္။၁၉၀၇ ခုႏွစ္တြင္ျပင္သစ္ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္လီယြန္ ဒီဗဲလီေယ (Leon de Beylie) ႏွင့္ ေက်ာက္စာ၀န္ မစၥတာ ေတာ္စိန္ခိုတို႕သည္ သေရေခတၱရာ တူးေဖာ္မႈမ်ားကို ေဆာင္ရြက္ခဲ့ၾကၿပီး ေနာက္ပိုင္း တြင္မစၥတာေတာ္စိန္ခို၊ ဦးလူေဖ၀င္း ၊ မြန္ဆီယာ ဒူရြိဳင္ဆယ္ စေသာ ေက်ာက္စာ၀န္မ်ားသည္ သေရေခတၱရာကို ဒုတိယ ကမၻာစစ္ မျဖစ္မီ အထိ အခါအားေလ်ာ္စြာ တူးေဖာ္ခဲ့ၾကသည္။ သေရေခတၱရာကို ေခတ္အဆက္ဆက္ တူးေဖာ္ခဲ့ၾကရာ ယခုအခ်ိန္အထိ ကုန္း ၆၅ ကုန္း တူးေဖာ္ ခဲ့ၿပီး တူးေဖာ္မႈမ်ားတြင္ ပ်ဴ ေခတ္ အေထာက္အထားမ်ားကို ေတြ႕ရွိခဲ့ရသည္။       
          သေရေခတၱရာကို ရွစ္မိုင္ ငါးဖာလုံ ရွည္ေသာ ၿမိဳ႕ရိုးျဖင့္ ပတ္ထားၿပီး သဘာ၀ေဘးဒဏ္ႏွင့္လူမ်ားေၾကာင့္ပ်က္စီးမႈမ်ားရွိခဲ့သည္။ က်န္ရွိေနသည့္ ၿမိဳ႕ရိုး၏ အခ်ိဳ႕ေနရာမ်ားတြင္ ၿမိဳ႕ရိုးသည္ ၁၅ ေပေက်ာ္ ျမင့္၍ ၁၇ ေပ ခန္႕အက်ယ္ရွိေၾကာင္း ေတြ႕ရွိၾကရသည္။ ေတာင္ ဘက္ႏွင့္ အေနာက္ဘက္တြင္ ၿမိဳ႕ရိုးႏွစ္ထပ္ရွိၿပီး အေရွ႕ေတာင္ဘက္တြင္ ၿမိဳ႕ရိုး သုံးထပ္တည္ေဆာက္ကာ ပ်ဴမ်ားသည္ သေရေခတၱရာ ကို  ျပင္ပ ရန္ သူမ်ား အႏၱရာယ္မွ ကာကြယ္ရန္ စီမံခဲ့ၾကသည္။
ရန္ကုန္ ျပည္ မီးရထားလမ္းသည္ သေရေခတၱရာ ၿမိဳ႕ေဟာင္းကို အေရွ႕ေတာင္ေထာင့္မွ အေနာက္ေျမာက္ ေထာင့္သို႕ ျဖတ္ သန္းေဖာက္လုပ္ထားသျဖင့္ ၿမိဳ႕ေဟာင္းသည္ ႏွစ္ပိုင္းျဖစ္ေနသည္။မီးရထားလမ္း၏ ေျမာက္ပိုင္းသည္ ေျမနိမ့္ပိုင္း ျဖစ္ကာ ေတာင္ပိုင္း သည္ ေျမျမင့္ပိုင္းျဖစ္သည္။
          အလ်ား ေပ ၁၇၀၀ ႏွင့္ အနံ ၁၁၂၆ ေပရွိသည့္ နန္းေတာ္ရာေဟာင္းသည္ သေရေခတၱရာ ၿမိဳ႕ေဟာင္း ေတာင္ပိုင္းတြင္ တည္ ရွိသည္။ေရွးေဟာင္းျမန္မာ ရာဇ၀င္မ်ားတြင္ သေရေခတၱရာ၌ တံခါးႀကီး ၃၂၃ ေပါက္၊တံခါးငယ္ ၃၃ ေပါက္ရွိခဲ့ေၾကာင္း ေရးသားၾက ေသာ္ လည္း လက္ေတြ႕ကြင္းဆင္းေလ့လာမႈမ်ားအရ ၿမိဳ႕၀င္ေပါက္ ကိုးေပါက္သာ ေတြ႕ရိွရေသးသည္။ ၿမိဳ႕ေဟာင္း အေရွ႕ဘက္တြင္ မုေ႒ာ ေပါက္ႏွင့္ တြင္းၿဗဲေပါက္၊ အေနာက္ဘက္တြင္ ေရႊတံခါးေပါက္ႏွင့္ မုတ္ရွည္ေပါက္၊ေတာင္ဘက္တြင္ ရဟႏၱာေပါက္၊ဘီလူးမေပါက္ႏွင့္ သာယာ၀တီေပါက္၊ ေျမာက္ဘက္တြင္ နတ္ေပါက္ႏွင့္နဂါးတြန္႕ေပါက္ တို႕ျဖစ္ၾကသည္။

ႀတိဂံပုံေစတီ သုံးဆူ
          သေရေခတၱရာ ၿမိဳ႕ရိုးအျပင္၌ ပ်ဴေခတ္က တည္ခဲ့သည့္ ၾကီးမားေသာ ေစတီလုံး သုံးဆူသည္ ႀတိဂံပုံအေနအထား ရွိေနသည္။ ၿမိဳ႕ေဟာင္း၏ ေတာင္ဘက္တြင္ ေဘာေဘာႀကီးေစတီ၊ အေနာက္ေျမာက္ဘက္တြင္ ဘုရားႀကီးေစတီႏွင့္ ေျမာက္ဘက္တြင္  ဘုရားမာ ေစတီတို႕တည္ရွိျပီး သေရေခတၱရာၿမိဳ႕ရိုး တံတိုင္းအတြင္း၌ ယင္းေစတီမ်ားကဲ့သို႕ ထုထည္ႀကီးမားေသာ ေစတီလုံးမ်ားကို မေတြ႕ရ ေခ်။
ေဘာေဘာႀကီးေစတီသည္ အေျခမွ ထိပ္သို႕တစ္ေျဖာင့္တည္းေသာ ထုလုံးရွည္ပုံစံျဖစ္ကာ ဘုရားႀကီးႏွင့္ ဘုရားမာတို႕သည္ ထိပ္ပိုင္း သို႕ရွဴးသြားကာ ေတာင္ပုံသ႑ာန္ ျဖစ္ေနၾကသည္။ သေရေခတၱရာ ထြန္းကားခဲ့စဥ္ကာလက ဒြတၱေဘာင္ မင္းႀကီးသည္ သေရ ေခတၱရာ၌ ေစတီေတာ္ကိုးဆူ တည္ထားခဲ့ရာ ေဘာေဘာႀကီး၊ ဘုရားႀကီးႏွင့္ ဘုရားမာတို႕ပါ၀င္ခဲ့ေၾကာင္း အစဥ္အဆက္ေျပာဆိုခဲ့ၾက သည္။
သေရေခတၱရာတြင္ ပ်ဴေခတ္မွ ယခုတိုင္ၾကြင္းက်န္ေနသည့္ ဗုဒၶဘာသာႏွင့္ဆက္ႏြယ္သည့္ အေဆာက္အဦမ်ားကို အၾကမ္း အားျဖင့္ ထူပ ေခၚ ေစတီလုံး ႏွင့္ ဂူ ဘုရားဟု ႏွစ္မ်ိဳး ႏွစ္စား ခြဲျခား ႏိုင္သည္။ ျမန္မာအဘိဓာန္တြင္ ထူပါကို ထူပါေစတီ၊ ပုထုိး ဟု လည္းေကာင္း၊ ဂူဘုရားကို ကုလားေက်ာင္းခံ၍ ကြမ္းေတာင္ေပါက္ေသာဘုရား ဟု လည္းေကာင္း အဓိပၸာယ္ဖြင့္ဆိုသည္။ ထူပေခၚ ေစတီလုံးသည္ လုံးျပည့္ အပိတ္တည္ ေဆာက္ထားသည့္ လိုဏ္မပါရွိေသာ ေစတီျဖစ္ၿပီး ဂူဘုရားသည္ ေအာက္ပိုင္း၌ ဂႏၶကုဋိ သို႕မဟုတ္ ေလးေထာင့္ ကုလားေက်ာင္းခံ ကာ အထက္တြင္ ေစတီလုံး၊ သို႕မဟုတ္ ပစၥယာေပၚတြင္ ကြမ္းေတာင္ေပါက္ထားေသာ အေဆာက္အဦျဖစ္သည္။ေစတီ၏ ေအာက္တြင္ လိုဏ္ရွိသျဖင့္ ဂူဘုရားဟု ေခၚသည္။
ေအဒီ ေလးရာစုမွ ခုနစ္ရာစုအတြင္းတည္ထားခဲ့ေသာ ပ်ဴေခတ္လယ္ လက္ရာ ဘုရားႀကီးေစတီသည္ ဥာဏ္ေတာ္ ၁၃၉ ေပ လုံးပတ္ ၃၀၇ ေပရွိၿပီး ျပည္ ေအာင္လံ ကားလမ္းေဘးတြင္တည္ရွိသည္။ ယခင္က ဘုရားႀကီးေစတီကို ေအးေဆးေစတီ ဟုလည္း ေကာင္း၊ မဟာေစတီဟု လည္းေကာင္းေခၚတြင္ခဲ့ၾကသည္။ ေစတီေတာ္၏ပစၥယာ ေလး ဆင့္ တြင္ ၁၆ ေထာင့္ ရွိသည့္ပစၥယာ သုံးဆင့္ ႏွင့္ အ၀ိုင္းပုံ ပစၥယာ တစ္ဆင့္ရွိသည္။ ဘုရားႀကီး ေစတီေတာ္အနီးမွ ေက်ာက္အရိုးအိုးေလးလုံးႏွင့္ ေျမအရိုးအိုး တစ္လုံးတို႕ကို ၁၉၁၂ ခုႏွစ္၀န္းက်င္က တူးေဖာ္ရရွိခဲ့ရာ ေက်ာက္အရိုးအိုးမ်ားတြင္ ဟရိ၀ိၾကမမင္း၊သိဟ၀ိၾကမမင္း၊သူရိယ၀ိၾကမမင္းတို႕၏ အမည္မ်ားကို ေရးထိုးထားသည္။
          ေဘာေဘာႀကီးေစတီသည္ သေရေခတၱရာ ၿမိဳ႕ေဟာင္း၏ အေနာက္ေတာင္ဘက္ ၿမိဳ႕ရိုးအနီးတြင္တည္ရွိၿပီး သေရေခတၱရာရွိ ေစတီလုံး သုံးဆူအနက္ ေရွးအက်ဆုံး ျဖစ္သည္။ ပစၥယာ ငါးဆင့္ေပၚရွိ ေပ ၂၄၀ က်ယ္ေသာ စက္၀ိုင္းပစၥယံေပၚ၌ ေဘာေဘာႀကီကို ေျပာင္းတိုင္သဖြယ္ တစ္ေျဖာင့္တည္း မတ္မတ္တည္ထားသည္။ ဥာဏ္ေတာ္ ၁၅၃ ေပျမင့္သည့္ ေဘာေဘာႀကီး ေစတီတြင္ မူလက အတြင္းလိုဏ္ပါ ရွိခဲ့ေသာ္လည္း ေနာက္ပိုင္းတြင္ လိုဏ္ေပါက္အား ပိတ္ခဲ့သည္။၁၉၀၉ -၁၉၁၀ ခုႏွစ္ အတြင္း သေရေခတၱရာၿမိဳ႕ေဟာင္း တြင္ ရွာေဖြေတြ႕ရွိရေသာ ေက်ာက္သလင္းေစတီငယ္တစ္ဆူသည္ ေဘာေဘာ ႀကီး ေစတီပုံစံမ်ိဳးျဖစ္ၿပီး သေရေခတၱရာ ၿမိဳ႕ေဟာင္းမွ ရရွိခဲ့ေသာ အုတ္ခြက္အခ်ိဳ႕တြင္ ေဘာေဘာႀကီး ႏွင့္ဆင္ေသာ ေစတီပုံမ်ားကို ျမင္ေတြ႕ၾကရေၾကာင္း ေရွးေဟာင္း ျမန္မာ့ၿမိဳ႕ ေတာ္မ်ား စာအုပ္တြင္ေဖာ္ျပထားသည္။
          ေဘာေဘာႀကီးသည္ အိႏၵိယႏိုင္ငံေျမာက္ပိုင္း၊ ဆာနတ္ ရွိ ဓမၼိက္ ေစတီႏွင့္ပုံစံ တူၿပီး ပညာရွင္မ်ားက ေဘာေဘာ ႀကီးကို ေအဒီ ေျခာက္ရာစုႏွင့္ ခုနစ္ရာစုတြင္ တည္ထားခဲ့သည္ ဟု ယူဆၾကသည္။ ေစတီ၏  ထုလုံးရွည္ပုံစံကို အိႏၵိယႏိုင္ငံတြင္ ေအဒီ တစ္ရာစုႏွင့္ ႏွစ္ရာစုအတြင္း တည္ခဲ့သည့္  စက္၀ိုင္းျခမ္းပုံ ဆန္ခ်ိ ႏွင့္ အမရ၀တီ ပုံစံမ်ား ႏွင့္ ႏိႈင္းယွဥ္ၾကသည္။
          ဘုရားမာ ေစတီသည္ သေရေခတၱရာၿမိဳ႕ေဟာင္း၏ အေရွ႕ေျမာက္ဘက္ ျပည္ ေပါက္ေခါင္း ကားလမ္းေဘး၊ ကုန္းရိုးတြင္းျပည့္ ေက်းရြာအနီးတြင္တည္ရွိသည္။ေစတီေတာ္၏ပုံသ႑ာန္သည္အေျခတြင္ေျပာင္းရွည္ပုံရွိ၍အေပၚသို႕ေတာင္ပုံသ႑ာန္ခုံးတက္သြားသည္။ ဘုရားမာသည္ ပစၥယာ ေလးဆင့္ ပါရွိၿပီး ေထာင့္ ၁၆ ခုပါ၀င္သည့္ ပစၥယာ သုံးဆင့္ႏွင့္ အ၀ိုင္းပုံ ထိပ္ပစၥယာ ရွိကာ ဥာဏ္ေတာ္အျမင့္ ၁၃၈ ေပ၊ လုံးပတ္ ၃၁၆ ေပရွိသျဖင့္ ဘုရားႀကီးႏွင့္ အရြယ္တူသည္ ဟု ဆိုႏိုင္သည္။
          ေအဒီ ေလးရာစု ႏွင့္ ခုနစ္ရာစုအတြင္း တည္ထားခဲ့သည့္ ဘုရားမာေစတီကို ဒြတၱေဘာင္မင္းႀကီးတည္ခဲ့သည္ဟုဆိုၾကၿပီး ေရွးက သရိုင္မာဟု ေခၚခဲ့သည္။၁၉၆၇ ခုႏွစ္ ဇန္န၀ါရီလတြင္ ဘုရားမာအနီးမွ ပ်ဴလက္ရာ ၁၁ လက္မ အရြယ္ ေခါင္းေလာင္းတစ္ခု ႏွင့္ကမၻာ ေက်ာ္ ပ်ဴ ကေခ်သည္ရုပ္ ငါးရုပ္ကို ရရွိခဲ့သည္။

ေက်ာက္ အရိုးအိုးမ်ား
          ေရွးေဟာင္းသုေတသန တူးေဖာ္မႈမ်ားတြင္ စာမ်ားေရးထိုးထားသည့္ ေက်ာက္အိုးမ်ားကို သေရေခတၱရာတစ္ေနရာတည္းတြင္ သာေတြ႕ရွိခဲ့ရသည္။ ေက်ာက္အိုးမ်ားကို ေစတီမ်ားအနီး၀န္းက်င္မွသာရရွိခဲ့ရာ ဘုရားႀကီးေစတီ အနီးမွ ေလးလုံးႏွင့္ ဘုရားေထာင္ အနီးမွ တစ္လုံး ျဖစ္သည္။ေက်ာက္အိုးမ်ားေပၚတြင္ ေရးထြင္းထား သည့္ စာမ်ားအနက္ အခ်ိဳ႕ကို အဓိပၸါယ္ ေဖာ္ႏိုင္ခဲ့ကာ ဘုရားႀကီး မွ ရရွိသည့္ အိုးေလးလုံးသည္ သူရိယ၀ိၾကမ၊ ဟရိ၀ိၾကမ၊ သိဟ၀ိၾကမ မင္းတို႕၏အရိုးအိုးမ်ား ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္းႏွင့္ က်န္တစ္အိုးမွာ မင္းေဆြ မိ်ဳး သို႕မဟုတ္ မိဖုရား တစ္ဦးဦး ၏ အရိုးအိုးျဖစ္ႏိုင္ေၾကာင္း ခန္႕မွန္း ခဲ့ၾကသည္။
၁၉၉၃ ခုႏွစ္ မတ္လ ၁၈ ရက္ေန႕တြင္ သေရေခတၱရာၿမိဳ႕ရိုးအတြင္း ဘုရားေထာင္ေစတီအနီး မွ ထုလုံးရွည္ ေက်ာက္အိုး တစ္ လုံးကို ထပ္မံ ရရွိခဲ့ကာ အိုးအတြင္း၌ ဆင္းတုေတာ္ အက်ိဳးအပဲ့မ်ားကို ေတြ႕ ရွိခဲ့သည္။
          ဘုရားႀကီးမွ ေတြ႕ရွိခဲ့ေသာ ေက်ာက္အိုးမ်ားတြင္ေရးထြင္းထားေသာ စာမ်ားႏွင့္ ဘုရားေထာင္ေက်ာက္အိုး ေပၚမွ စာမ်ား  သည္ တူညီေသာ ပ်ဴအကၡရာမ်ား ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္းေတြ႕ၾကရသည္။ ဘုရားႀကီး ေက်ာက္အိုး ေလးလုံးေပၚတြင္ ေရးထြင္းထားသည့္ အမည္မ်ားအရ သေရေခတၱရာတြင္ ၀ိၾကမ မင္းဆက္အုပ္စိုးခဲ့ေၾကာင္း ယူဆႏိုင္ခဲ့သည္။ဘုရားႀကီး ေက်ာက္အိုးတစ္လုံးစီေပၚတြင္ အမည္တစ္ခု စီသာ ေရးထြင္းထားၿပီး ဘုရားေထာင္ေက်ာက္အိုးတြင္ ဘုရင္အမည္မ်ားကို စာေၾကာင္း ငါးေၾကာင္း ေရးထြင္းထားသည္။
          သေရေခတၱရာမွ ေတြ႕ရွိခဲ့သည့္ ေက်ာက္ထြင္းအိုးမ်ားကို အိုးတြင္ေရးထိုးထားသည့္ ဘုရင္ အမည္မ်ားႏွင့္ ကြယ္လြန္ခဲ့သည့္ ခုႏွစ္မ်ားေၾကာင့္ အရိုးအိုးမ်ားဟုသတ္မွတ္ခဲ့ၾကသည္။သို႕ေသာ္ ယင္းေက်ာက္အိုးမ်ားကို ေတြ႕ရွိခဲ့ခ်ိန္တြင္ ေက်ာက္အိုးမ်ားအတြင္း အရိုးစမ်ား၊အရိုးျပာမ်ားကို မေတြ႕ရွိရဘဲ ေျမႀကီးမ်ားကိုသာေတြ႕ရွိခဲ့ရေၾကာင္း  သမိုင္း ပညာရွင္ ဗိုလ္မွဴးဘရွင္က ေရးသားခဲ့သည္။ ထို ေျမႀကီးမ်ားသည္ ကြယ္လြန္သူမ်ား၏ အရိုးျပာမ်ားလည္း ျဖစ္ႏိုင္ဖြယ္ရွိေပသည္။ယင္းေက်ာက္အိုးမ်ားကို အရိုးအိုးမ်ား ဟု လက္ခံၾက သကဲ့သို႕ လက္မခံၾကသူမ်ားလည္း ရွိသည္။
          ထို႕အတူ ဘုရားေထာင္ေက်ာက္အိုးအတြင္းမွ ဆင္းတုေတာ္ အက်ိဳးမ်ားေတြ႕ရွိခဲ့ရသျဖင့္ အရိုးအိုးမဟုတ္ဘဲ ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္ တစ္ခုခုအတြက္ အသုံး ျပဳခဲ့ေသာ အိုးျဖစ္ႏိုင္ေျခရွိ မရွိ စဥ္းစားဖြယ္ရွိသည္။ ထို႕ေၾကာင့္ က်န္ရစ္သူမ်ားက ကြယ္လြန္သူ ဘုရင္ မ်ား၏ အမည္မ်ားကို ကမၺည္းထိုးထားေသာ ေက်ာက္အိုးမ်ားအတြင္း ဘာသာေရးဆိုင္ရာ၀တၳဳ တစ္ခုခုကို ထည့္သြင္းၿပီး ေစတီ ပုထိုး မ်ားထံ လွဴဒါန္းခဲ့ျခင္း ျဖစ္ႏိုင္၊မျဖစ္ႏိုင္ကို သုေတသနျပဳသင့္ၾကေပသည္။
ဘုရားေထာင္ေက်ာက္အိုးကို အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္(ရန္ကုန္)တြင္ ျပသထားကာ ဘုရားႀကီးေက်ာက္အိုးမ်ားကို အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္ (ေနၿပည္ေတာ္) တြင္တစ္လုံး၊သေရေခတၱရာရွိ သီရိေခတၱရာျပတိုက္တြင္ သုံးလုံး ျပသထားသည္။
          သေရေခတၱရာသည္ ပ်ဴၿမိဳ႕ျပႏိုင္ငံတစ္ခုအျဖစ္ ႀကီးမားက်ယ္၀န္းခဲ့ၿပီး ပ်ဴ အေမြအႏွစ္ ရုပ္၀တၳဳမ်ား အမ်ားဆုံးၾကြင္း က်န္ ေန သည့္ ေဒသ ျဖစ္သည္။ေပ်ာက္ကြယ္သြားခဲ့ၿပီျဖစ္သည့္ ပ်ဴ လူမ်ိဳးမ်ား၏ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈ အေထာက္အထားမ်ားသည္ သေရေခတၱရာ တြင္ အမ်ားဆုံး က်န္ရွိေနေပရာ ပ်ဴ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈနယ္ေျမ သေရေခတၱရာသည္ သုေတသီမ်ားအား မ်ားစြာအေထာက္အပံ့ျဖစ္ေစခဲ့ေပသည္။
သေရေခတၱရာကို ေရရွည္တည္တံ့ေစရန္ ထိန္းသိမ္းလ်က္ပ်ဴသမိုင္းကိုဆက္လက္ သုေတသသနျပဳၾကရဦးမည္ျဖစ္ေပသည္။



ကိုးကား
တၵဗံး၊ ဒြတၱေဘာင္ (ေဒါက္တာသန္းထြန္း)
သေရေခတၱရာၿမိဳ႕ေဟာင္း (ဦးစိန္ေမာင္ဦး)
ျမန္မာ့သမိုင္းႏွင့္ယဥ္ေက်းမႈဒီပလိုမာ သင္တန္းပို႕ခ်က္မ်ား(ေဒါက္တာေက်ာ္၀င္း)
 

Successful cultivation of agarwood attracts foreign travellers’ attention



Successful cultivation of agarwood attracts foreign travellers’ attention

By Pwint Thitsar

The interest of foreign travellers in value-added agarwood is more than that of the past since it can be successfully cultivated and produced in Myanmar and agarwood purchase is on the increase.  
Agarwood, aloeswood or gharuwood is a fragrant dark resinous wood used in incense, perfume, and small carvings. It is formed in the heartwood of aquilaria trees when they become infected with a type of mould.
When the stem of aquilaria tree is done to get wounds using sticks, daggers and iron rods, a bulbous growth will appear around the place of wound as a reaction. Later its stem has to be injected with Phaeoaerimoniun parasitica. When it takes three months, its stem has to be chopped and aquilaria can be seen in the shape of strip on the upper and lower parts of the whole tree.
Four-year or five-year aquilaria tree’s stem with 16-inch in circumference has to be injected with Phaeoaerimoniun parasitica from one foot distance above the ground. Aquilaria oil can be produced when it takes one and half years or two years following the injection. Previously, aquilaria oil came into existence only at the place of the injection. Now it is a different matter and it comes into existence along the stem. If aquilaria oil produces less, its price is low. If it produces much, its price is high. Agarwood is a medicinal herb and so foreign travellers take great interest in it. Agarwood purchase is on the increase now. One kg price of agarwood is about US$ 1,000. 
The quality of Myanmar’s agarwood is higher than it is in other countries. Singapore, Twiwan, Japan, Thailand and China are the main importers of agarwood from Myanmar. One kilo of first-grade agarwood can fetch between US$ 4,000 and $ 20,000. Since 1995, Aquilaria malaccensis, the primary souece of agarwood, has been listed among potentially threaterned species by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Floara. Myanmar has banned illegal trade on agarwood since 1947. The Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry is planning to reduce the tax on agarwood produced by agarwood farms, according to Myanmar Agarwood Entrepreneurs Association. 
If the people who have health problems drink boiled agarwood flowers just like we do plain tea, it does good things for nerve and it adjust blood pressure and it protects us from suffering stroke. Diabetic patients should drink boiled agarwood flowers daily. Aquilaria oil can be used in the making of traditional medicines and it can be used in offering lights to Buddha image. The fragnance of aquilaria ensures good health and longevity.   
Now the government officially allows national entrepreneurs to establish agarwood plantations to ensure conservation of valuable Myanma agarwood and sustainable development and the growers are on the increase. Aquilaria trees are being cultivated in regions and states.
“I am selling agarwood sapplings and species seeds. Some growers are worried about whether or not who are buyers and it is attracted by the international community. In real, anyone can grow and officially sell agarwood if official tax payment is given to the government. I would like to invite those wishing to grow agarwood,” said U Aung Zaw Shein who is running Pwint Oo agarwood growing and production in Phaunggyi, Hlegu, Yangon Region.
Visiting Japanese travellers in Yangon primarily bought samples of some aquilaria trees including aquilaria flower from Pwint Oo agarwood growing and production in Yangon on 26 March. 
Cultivating agarwood trees attracting foreign travellers without hurting ecosystems, we can expect to earn foreign exchanges and provide job opportunities for the people. 
Translated by Htut Htut (Twantay)